The framing of time-dependent machine learning models improves risk estimation among young individuals with acute coronary syndromes.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a common cause of death in individuals older than 55 years. Although younger individuals are less frequently seen with ACS, this clinical event has increasing incidence trends, shows high recurrence rates and triggers considerable economic burden. Young individuals with ACS (yACS) are usually underrepresented and show idiosyncratic epidemiologic features compared to older subjects. These differences may justify why available risk prediction models usually penalize yACS with higher false positive rates compared to older subjects. We hypothesized that exploring temporal framing structures such as prediction time, observation windows and subgroup-specific prediction, could improve time-dependent prediction metrics. Among individuals who have experienced ACS (nglobal_cohort = 6341 and nyACS = 2242), the predictive accuracy for adverse clinical events was optimized by using specific rules for yACS and splitting short-term and long-term prediction windows, leading to the detection of 80% of events, compared to 69% by using a rule designed for the global cohort.

Clinical and economic impact of coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous coronary intervention in young individuals with acute coronary syndromes and multivessel disease: A real-world comparison in a middle-income country.

Background: In recent decades, the world watched a dramatic increase in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) among young individuals (≤55 years-old) and a relative decrease in the elderly. The management of ACS in young patients with multivessel disease still needs to be elucidated, as these individuals maintain a long life expectancy. Research Question: To compare clinical outcomes and care costs in individuals with premature ACS and multivessel disease undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods and Results: Participants included all individuals ≤55 years-old admitted with ACS to public hospitals in Brasília (Brazil) between 2013 and 2015 and who underwent cardiac catheterization with SYNTAX score ≥23 or Duke category 6. Outcomes were adjudicated with death certificates and data from medical records. The primary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as death due to cardiovascular causes, recurrent hospitalizations due to cardiovascular ischemic events, and incident heart failure New York Heart Association III-IV. As secondary outcome we assessed indirect and direct costs by evaluating the cost of lost productivity (in international dollars (Int$) per year) due to illness and death, outpatient costs and costs with new hospitalizations. Multivariate and principal components (PC) adjusted analyzes were performed. Results: Among 1,088 subjects (111 CABG and 977 PCI) followed for 6.2 years (IQR: 1.1), 304 primary events were observed. MACE was observed in 20.7% of the CABG group and 28.8% of the PCI group (p = 0.037). In multivariate analyses, PCI was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) = 1.227 (95% CI: 1.004-1.499; p = 0.0457) for MACE, and in PC-adjusted HR = 1.268 (95% CI: 1.048-1.548; p = 0.0271) compared with CABG. Despite direct costs were equivalent, the cost due to the loss of labor productivity was higher in the PCI group (Int$ 4,511 (IQR: 18,062)/year vs Int$ 3,578 (IQR: 13,198)/year; p = 0.049], compared with CABG. Conclusions: Among young individuals with ACS and multivessel disease, surgical strategy was associated with a lower occurrence of MACE and lower indirect costs in the long-term.

Valvoplastia por cateter-balão associada a acidente vascular encefálico em gestante com estenose mitral grave / Percutaneous ballon valvotomy leeding to ischemic stroke in a pregnant patient with severe mitral stenosis

Relata-se o caso de gestante admitida na 23.ª semana de gestação com cardiopatia classe funcional IV pela NewYork Heart Association por estenose mitral reumática. Submeteu-se ao tratamento com betabloqueador e, na 29.ª semana de gestação, à valvoplastia pela técnica do duplo balão. Imediatamente após o procedimento, manifestou hemiparesia à esquerda e teve trabalho de parto prematuro, inibido com indometacina. A ressonância magnética decrânio mostrou infarto das artérias cerebral média e anterior direita. O tratamento instituído foi ácido acetilsalicílico eheparina, que se manteve até a 36.ª semana de gestação. O parto vaginal ocorreu com 37 semanas de gestação, eo recém-nascido, com 2.500 g de peso, tinha ânus anterior ectópico e luxação congênita das articulações coxofemorais.A paciente persiste com sequela leve da isquemia vascular cerebral e com remissão da insuficiência cardíaca,e o concepto evoluiu satisfatoriamente.

A case of a 23rd gestational week patient with the New York Heart Association functional class IV rheumatic mitral stenosis cardiopathy is reported. She was submitted to beta-blocker treatment and, at the 29th week, to double-balloon valvuloplasty technique. Immediately after the procedure she developed left sided hemiparesis and early labor, which was inhibited with indometacin. Cranial magnetic ressonance showed right middle and anterior cerebral artery infarction. Treatment was initiated with acetilsalicilic acid and heparin and held until the 36th week. Vaginal labor occurred at 37 weeks of gestation. The newborn weighted 2,500 g and presented with anterior ectopic anus and congenital hip luxation. The patient remains with mild stroke sequelae and the infant has developed satisfactorily.

Angioplastia coronariana com suporte circulatório por baläo intra-aórtico: experiência inicial

Objective - To evaluate the use of the intraaortic balloon (IaoB) in association with coronary angioplasty in high-risk patients. Methods - Fourteen high-risk patients unresponsive to clinical therapy and with formal contraindication to surgical revascularization were treated by coronary angioplasty, most of which was followed by stenting. All procedures were performed with circulatory support with the IaoB. This study reports the early results and the late findings after 12 months of follow-up. Six patients had multivessel coronary disease; of these, four had left main equivalent lesions and two had unprotected left main coronary artery disease, one of whom had severe "endvessel" stenosis and the other was a patient with Chagas' disease with single-vessel lesion. Eleven patients had a left ventricular ejection fraction <30 per cent. Results - In 100 per cent of the patients, the procedures were intially successful. Two patients had severe bleeding during the withdrawal of the left femoral sheath. At the of twelve months, 4 patients were asymptomatic and the others were clinically controlled. There were two late deaths in the 7th and 11th months. Conclusion - The combined use of the intraaortic balloon pump and percutaneous coronary angioplasty in high-risk patients with acute inschemic syndromes provides the necessary hemodynamic stability to seccessfully perform the procedures.